Regulatory uncertainty, corruption and infrastructural deficiencies could cost Kenya billions of shillings in lost investment.
Chris Bredenhann, PwC Africa Oil & Gas Advisory Leader, believes that delays in passing the Mining Bill, and the resulting regulatory uncertainty, could force investors to put their money elsewhere on the continent. He cited Nigeria’s example where delays cost the country between $50 million (Sh4.4 billion) and $100 million (Sh8.8billion) in lost investment.
The news comes after a review on Africa’s oil and gas industries published yesterday showed that key investors had delayed or cancelled projects elsewhere in Africa due to regulatory uncertainty or legislative delays.
In a phone interview on Wednesday, Bredenhann told the Star that delays increase the likelihood that exploration firms will target Kenya’s competitors: “There is evidence in Africa that companies indicated they had plans to invest but went elsewhere”.
“They cannot move forward with doubts, given the long-term nature of the needed investments,” he added.
Oil was first discovered in January 2012, by Tullow Oil Plc, but 18 months later the legal framework is still at the debate stage in parliament. The first off-shore gas deposits were found last September.
Mary M’Mukindia, an industry expert, said in a phone interview yesterday that she believed delays and poor regulation could impact heavily on gas exploration. “If there aren’t rigorous structures in place, including pricing structures or formulas which relate to generating electricity from gas, then that will impact negatively. We [Kenya] are are also competing for investment dollars with other attractive locations.” On the subject of infrastructure she added: “Definitely infrastructure is an issue. Back in June one of the logistical companies made a plea to Minister Balala over a bridge that is in danger of collapsing. It led to the gas exploration areas, so it would shut down the industry! And that is just one little bridge.”
The report adds pressure to Mining Minister Najib Balala, whose exclusive power to grant mineral rights contracts has this week been questioned by MPs. Members are now planning to introduce amendments that would create a board to exercise some of those powers and check against abuse, a move that will further delay the bill’s passing into law. The review details that, in other countries, companies indicated that uncertain regulatory framework was a significant impediment to developing an oil and gas business.
Although Kenya’s oil and gas industry is nascent, its challenges reflect those felt previously by organisations around the continent, with the top three issues of uncertain regulatory framework, corruption and poor physical infrastructure also identified as the biggest challenges facing Africa in 2010 and 2012.
The PwC report shows that despite issues, the oil and gas industry in East Africa continues to show substantial growth, with new hydrocarbon provinces developing at a significant pace.
Earlier this week analysts at Standard Bank reported that recent oil and gas discoveries have the potential to fundamentally transform Kenya’s economy through investment in road, rail, power and industrial infrastructure.
Source: The Star
Natural gas is on the scene in Tanzania, and expectations are sky high. There are those who see this as the end of aid dependency, or the solution to the government's perennial money troubles. And of course, there are others who see this as a personal opportunity to get rich quick. But not everybody's expectations can or will be met.
Nobody knows exactly how much gas there is in Tanzania, though the latest discoveries brought the estimated deposits up to 51 trillion cubic feet (tcf). Equally, nobody knows how much of this it will be possible (and economic) to extract, and how much revenue will flow to the government as a result.
The IMF has had a go at working this out, in a paper published earlier this year. The results are expressed cautiously, surrounded by references to uncertainty, but suggest that the Tanzanian government could be looking at a peak of US$5-6bn revenue each year between 2029 and 2044. Given that for the past few years, official aid to Tanzania has ranged between $2-3bn annually, and the total tax revenue in the 2014/15 Tanzanian government budget is just over $6bn, we're talking potentially a lot of money. As the IMF report concluded:
"If a large-scale gas project goes ahead, the potential fiscal revenue would be substantial, and would facilitate government spending on priority investment. [This] could have a transformational impact on the economy."
More money for schools, hospitals, roads, etc. - so it's all good then.
Not so fast. As strong as the economic potential may be, unless the politics are right, the opportunity could easily be wasted.
There are worries that the Tanzanian government lacks either the capacity or the will to negotiate deals with investors that protect the interests of the Tanzanian public.
When a Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) between the state-owned Tanzania Petroleum Development Corporation (TPDC) and the Norwegian firm Statoil was leaked a couple of weeks ago, it revealed contract terms that are significantly less favourable to the government than had been expected. The terms were less favourable than either those of TPDC's model PSA or the assumptions used by the IMF in their analysis.
Exactly how much this contract will cost the government depends on how much gas the company produces, but it could easily be in the hundreds of millions of dollars per year. If production reaches 500 million cubic feet per day, the government could be losing as much $400m per year under this deal, compared to the model PSA. If production reaches 1,000 million cubic feet per day - which is very possible - the loss rises to over $900m per year[1]. And that's just from one deal.
Another indication of the scale involved here is that since the Norwegian government is Statoil's majority shareholder, the extra revenue to the Norwegian government from this deal could be worth more than double the total of all Norwegian aid to Tanzania since independence[2].
But perhaps just as worrying is the resounding silence that met the leak. It has not been covered in the Tanzanian media, even when reporting on gas-related issues or Statoil's other activities. And aside from a brief reference in a relatively obscure parliamentary committee report (pdf, Swahili) (which itself did not attract media coverage), no leading politician has stood up to publicly make noise about the deal.
Those in the know are discussing it in hushed tones on the side-lines of meetings, in the more private corners of social media, or in coded language. The vast majority are not in the know.
This does not bode well. One of the big political risks with oil and gas is that it can be seen by politicians and senior officials as 'easy' money that doesn't come with the kind of scrutiny that taxpayers demand when they pay their taxes and donors demand when they provide aid.
Unless somebody - the media, politicians, civil society - steps up to fill the gap, decision makers in government will be left free to make whatever decisions they choose, unencumbered by any need to protect the public interest. The Statoil PSA may well have cost Tanzania several billion dollars - yet it appears no-one is trying to hold those responsible to account.
So why the silence? It may be that the media and the politicians don't understand the significance of the deal, don't have the capacity to pick apart the leaked PSA's legal language to find the meat. It's certainly not easy to do. Alternatively, it may be that they don't care. Or it may be that they are scared.
Zitto Kabwe, an outspoken opposition MP, posted a quote on Twitter last week:
"Not a single developing country that derives the bulk of its export earnings from oil and gas is a democracy," wrote Larry Diamond and Jack Mosbacher.
In Tanzania, I fear we may be about to find out why.
Ben Taylor (@mtega) is an analyst and blogger, writing mainly about Tanzanian media and politics at mtega.com. He works forTwaweza, but writes here in a personal capacity - his views do not necessarily represent those of Twaweza.
[1] These figures are calculated based on 500MMscfd/1000MMscfd of "profit gas", which refers to the value of gas produced after the company's costs have been deducted.
[2] Statoil has a 65% stake in the PSA, of which the Norwegian government owns 67%. The calculation is therefore as follows: 65% x 67% x $900m x 15years = $5.9bn. Norway has given approximately $2.5bn in aid to Tanzania since 1961 (Source: World Bank).